A Spotlight on Gender Based Violence in Migration

In this piece, the term “women” is inclusively used to encompass women in all their diversities and individuals of all gender identities who experience gender-based violence (GBV) in the context of migration. We recognize the diverse identities and experiences of those affected by GBV and acknowledge that GBV can impact any woman or girl regardless of gender identity.

Introduction

Every day, women and girls worldwide leave their homes and seek new ones in destination countries or even within their own. These journeys are filled with unique challenges, particularly through the lens of GBV, both a cause and consequence of migration. This think-piece delves into the relationship between migration and GBV, aiming to shed light on how GBV propels migration, manifests en route, and persists upon arrival at new destinations. It critically examines how gender, intertwined with various socio-economic factors, influences the prevalence and forms of violence experienced by women on the move. By adopting an intersectional approach, this think-piece will provide comprehensive insights into the multifaceted experiences of these women, enhancing our understanding of their vulnerabilities and resilience.

The think-piece includes two regional case studies to illustrate the dynamics in specific contexts, offering concrete examples of the challenges faced by women on the move. By exploring GBV in migration through an intersectional lens, this think-piece aspires to foster informed decision-making among stakeholders, ensuring that interventions are sensitive to the gendered dimensions of migration and are tailored to address the distinct needs of women, thereby advancing their rights and well-being during their migratory journeys.

Key Objectives

• Help readers understand that GBV can occur at various stages of the migration journey—before departure, during the migration process, and after arrival at the destination. It will highlight that different groups of women are exposed to unique vulnerabilities at each of these points.
• Highlight specific groups of women and girls who are particularly susceptible to GBV during migration. This includes, but is not limited to, unaccompanied minors, disabled women, transgender women, and women traveling alone. Harsh, unfair, and highly politicized immigration also increases women’s vulnerability as they make it harder for them to immigrate in a straightforward and timely manner.
• Explore the diverse experiences of women migrating to different regions. Aim to provide a nuanced perspective on the challenges they encounter, which are influenced by their destination, the reasons for migration, and the routes they take.
  Offer actionable recommendations for policymakers, grant-makers, and organizations working within the migration arena to improve safety measures and address the needs of women on the move more effectively.

Who is this for

1. 1. Policymakers
   2. Grantmakers
   3. Activists
   4. Practitioners

You can read the entire think piece for the most complete picture of migration and GBV. You can also dive deep into a specific section to understand nuances and challenges more deeply. We have also listed additional resources for you to explore and consider.

Understanding the Link between GBV and Migration

The Migration Process

Each individual’s journey away from home is unique and influenced by a spectrum of compelling factors. Some are driven by dire Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), state unresponsiveness, economic situations, conflicts, or the impacts of the climate crisis. Others find themselves unable to live safely in their countries due to discrimination based on ethnic identity, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The pathways to relocation vary significantly; while some can navigate through official channels swiftly, others resort to drastic measures in search of safety or stability. Importantly, not everyone crosses international borders; some are displaced within their own country, which is referred to as Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs)

Before proceeding, it’s crucial to understand the differences between people who are classified as migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers:

• Migrants are individuals who choose to move, not because of a direct threat of persecution or death but primarily to improve their lives by finding work, pursuing education, or being closer to family. It’s important to note that the terms “migrant” and “expat” are often used differently based on socioeconomic status, race, and context. “Migrant” typically refers to individuals moving for better economic opportunities, education, or family reasons, often implying a temporary status. In contrast, “expat” is usually reserved for people from wealthier backgrounds, particularly from Western countries, who are moving abroad for work or lifestyle reasons. This distinction is deeply racialized and contested, as it reflects underlying biases and power dynamics. The use of these terms can shape perceptions and treatment, often favouring “ex-pats” while marginalizing “migrants.”
• Asylum Seekers are individuals who seek international protection but whose claims for refugee status have not yet been determined.
• Refugees are individuals forced to flee their country because of persecution, war, or violence. They have a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. However, there is still no ground for being recognized as a refugee based solely on gender asylum or issues like climate displacement, making the current definition increasingly redundant and outdated as emerging crises continue to force people to flee their homes, including GBV.

It is important to note that these terms are often racialized and unevenly applied across races, nationalities, and economic groups.

In this think piece, we use the term “women on the move” to encompass all these groups of women. We recognize that while their legal statuses, socioeconomic statuses, and journeys may differ, they share the commonality of being compelled by extraordinary circumstances to leave their homes.

Defining GBV

The definitions of GBV and VAWG are broad and often vary, reflecting different views on who is considered a victim or perpetrator and what constitutes the root causes of violence. Centering the definition of GBV from COFEM’s Feminist Tipsheet #2 and the definition of Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) from the Maputo Protocol is crucial in acknowledging the diverse and nuanced perspectives within feminist scholarship.

According to COFEM’s Feminist Tipsheet #2, GBV programming focuses on women and girls due to their disproportionate experience of violence in patriarchal societies. The Maputo Protocol defines VAWG as “all acts perpetrated against women which cause or could cause them physical, sexual, psychological, and economic harm,” emphasizing the systemic nature of such violence and its link to gender inequality.

This is in contrast to the UNHCR definition, which does not mention systemic gender inequality as a contributing factor at all. “Gender-based violence can include sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private. It also includes threats of violence, coercion and manipulation. This can take many forms, such as intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and so-called ‘honour crimes’. The consequences of gender-based violence are devastating and can have life-long repercussions for survivors. It can even lead to death.”

By contrasting these definitions and recognizing how the Maputo Protocol provides a more thorough definition of GBV and VAWG, we uplift the knowledge production of feminists globally, demonstrating the importance of feminist politics of citation as activism. This practice not only honors the work of feminists but also broadens the understanding of GBV and VAWG, challenging dominant narratives and creating space for marginalized voices.”

GBV as a Driver of Migration

GBV is a significant driver of migration for many women and girls. GBV is pervasive throughout the migration journey, from the country of origin to transit countries and the final destination. Asylum-seeking women, including those who are pregnant or with children, are particularly vulnerable to GBV, which is often perpetuated by structural and legal violence in the form of restrictive asylum policies. The threat of GBV, including IPV, sexual assault, and other forms of abuse, compels many women to flee their homes and seek refuge in different countries. Addressing GBV as a driver of migration is crucial to ensuring the safety and well-being of women and girls in all their diversity throughout their migration journeys.

Fleeing Persecution and Violence

The plight of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual {LGBTQIA+] individuals adds another layer to the complex dynamics of GBV and migration. When we refer to women and girls on the move, it encompasses not only heterosexual or cis-gendered individuals but also includes those who identify as LGBTQIA+. This inclusive perspective recognizes that all women and girls, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity, seek safety, acceptance, and refuge in places where their rights are recognized and upheld.

LGBTQIA+ people on the move often flee their homes to escape persecution, violence, and discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. In many cases, the threats they face are from within their own families, communities, and state institutions, leaving them isolated and unprotected. Women and girls who identify as LGBTQIA seek safety and acceptance, hoping to find refuge in places where their rights are recognized and upheld. Their journeys, however, are filled with additional challenges, including discrimination and violence during the migration process itself, highlighting the urgent need for protection mechanisms that address the unique needs of all vulnerable populations on the move. It is also crucial that these protection mechanisms view women and girls as agents and not victims.

Migration as a Contributor to GBV

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) highlights a critical concern within the context of migration: “Unsafe or irregular migration routes significantly increase the risks of GBV.” This vulnerability is particularly pronounced for women and girls, who may find themselves in precarious situations due to a lack of protection and financial resources. The journey along these routes often involves passing through areas with limited law enforcement, exposing women on the move to a higher risk of exploitation and violence.

A pivotal study delves into the dynamics of power and authority as crucial factors influencing the risk of victimization among those on the move. The absence of legal documentation and financial means to secure safer travel options not only limits women’s move choices but also amplifies the leverage that potential perpetrators have over them. This imbalance of power facilitates an environment where exploitation and violence can be more pronounced, with women and girls frequently facing the brunt of such abuses.

However, it is crucial to recognize that while women and girls often experience higher rates of GBV, the study acknowledges that this is not a universal truth. The experiences of GBV among women on the move are diverse. They can vary greatly depending on multiple factors, including the route taken, the country of origin, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and the social networks available during their journey. For practitioners, it is imperative to approach each case with a nuanced understanding of how GBV may manifest in different contexts and within diverse intersections. This includes recognizing the specific vulnerabilities those on the move face based on their gender, age, legal status, and other intersecting factors.

Case Studies

Highest Rates of Femicides

In the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA), comprising Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, GBV is endemic, propelled by various interlocking causes that create a perilous environment for women and girls. IPV is rampant, with many women facing abuse within their own homes, where supposed sanctuaries become spaces of fear and control. The pervasive culture of machismo exacerbates this issue, reinforcing gender inequalities and normalizing violence against women and girls Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG). Gang violence exacerbates women’s safety, using sexual violence for control and retaliation. Women are targeted for vulnerability and pressure, with state unresponsiveness and inadequate protection mechanisms exacerbating the situation. Law enforcement and judicial systems are often ill-equipped to help, leading to some of the highest femicide rates in the world and a climate of impunity. The mechanisms intended to prevent and address such violence are critically underfunded, inefficient, and, in many cases, non-existent. This lack of prevention efforts and accountability leaves women and girls in a perpetual state of vulnerability, making migration not just an option but a necessity for survival. The decision to migrate is often a last resort, propelled by the dire need to escape environments where they are at constant risk, with little hope for justice or change. This exodus is not solely in search of economic opportunities but a desperate bid for safety and dignity, away from the threats that pervade their daily lives.

Escaping Forced or Early Marriage

In North Africa, a compelling factor for migration is the escape from forced or early marriages. A Save the Children report on girl migrants in North Africa noted that 1/7 girls cite escaping forced or early marriage as a reason for migration, based on 10 out of 68 girls interviewed. These statistics shed light on the broader context of GBV in the region, where cultural practices and legal systems often fail to protect the rights and autonomy of women and girls. Forced or early marriage not only deprives women and girls of their fundamental rights but also exposes them to a lifetime of violence, abuse, and restriction. These issues are deeply rooted in the socio-economic and cultural fabric of their societies, where traditional norms often dictate young girls’ futures, limiting their autonomy and access to opportunities. In this context, migration is seen as a means of escape and a desperate quest for independence, safety, and a better future. Indeed, girls and young women fleeing their home countries due to violence, forced marriages, and lack of opportunities embark on perilous journeys, seeking safety and a better future.

Technology

Technology plays a pivotal role in shaping women’s experiences on the move, serving as a double-edged sword that both empowers and endangers. On one hand, technological advancements have revolutionized the way people on the move maintain connections with their roots. Women have leveraged technology in their journeys to facilitate their departure and sustain vital links with their families and communities back home. Through social media, messaging apps, and other digital platforms, they share updates, send remittances, and access emotional support, bridging vast distances and creating a sense of belonging despite physical separation. Yet, this digital connectivity comes with significant drawbacks. The very technology that offers a lifeline to women on the move also exposes them to new forms of GBV. Online spaces, while providing anonymity and reach, have become arenas for harassment, cyberstalking, and exploitation. These online aggressions cause psychological harm and have tangible repercussions in the physical world, affecting their safety, mobility, and access to resources. Moreover, the intersection of technology and migration illuminates broader issues of digital literacy and access. While some women on the move adeptly navigate these digital terrains, others may lack the necessary skills or resources, making them more vulnerable to exploitation and less able to tap into the supportive aspects of technology. This digital divide can exacerbate existing inequalities, leaving marginalized women migrants at a disadvantage and amplifying their risks. It’s important to note that we are still learning about the connection and the specific nuances of the intersection between migration, GBV, and technology.

Intersectionality

Adopting an intersectional framework is crucial when engaging with populations on the move. This approach acknowledges that the experience is multifaceted, shaped by a web of identities and social determinants. In practice, intersectionality requires a nuanced understanding that an individual’s journey is not solely defined by gender but is also profoundly influenced by economic status, ethnicity, race, nationality, and sexual orientation, among other factors. These intersecting identities can significantly impact access to resources, exposure to discrimination, and overall experiences during migration. For instance, migrants from African countries reported facing discrimination while trying to escape the conflict in Ukraine, highlighting how racial and geographic identities can compound vulnerabilities in crises. Such testimonies underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing the diverse challenges that vary widely depending on their unique combination of identities.

Disability

The intersection of disability, gender, and migration is a complex and often overlooked aspect of the migration discourse. Disability significantly affects one’s ability to migrate and subsequently integrate into a new environment. It’s essential to recognize that the impact of disability on the migration experience extends beyond the condition itself. The level of support and accommodation available to women and girls with disabilities can dramatically transform their immigration journey. Support systems play a crucial role in shaping these experiences. When women and girls with disabilities receive the necessary assistance, their ability to navigate the challenges of migration improves substantially. This support can range from accessible transportation and housing to tailored healthcare services and inclusive education opportunities. Upon arrival in the destination country, the availability and quality of such services for women and girls with disabilities become paramount. These services facilitate their integration into new communities and empower them to lead fulfilling lives. Furthermore, cultural perceptions of disability vary significantly across societies. These views can affect the experiences of migrants with disabilities in many ways.

Men as Victims of Violence and Allies in the Fight Against

It’s clear that men and boys experience sexual violence during the migration process as well and deserve support and resources as well. The focus on women and girls here is not about creating a division. Instead, it is to highlight that preventing violence against women and girls looks different than preventing violence against men and boys. In addition, appropriate resources for victims look different as well. The current trend towards providing support services in a gender-neutral way ultimately harms both genders.

Recommendations

• Channel funding towards initiatives that recognize and address the intersections of gender, race, disability, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status in contributing to GBV in migration.
• Strengthen and enforce mechanisms that hold perpetrators of violence accountable, with a focus on intersectional justice.
• Increase investment in GBV prevention and response to migration, ensuring that an intersectional feminist approach informs efforts.
• Ensure that GBV survivors on the move have access to support services that are inclusive, culturally sensitive, and responsive to the needs of all individuals, particularly those from marginalized communities.
• Foster community engagement in developing and implementing GBV prevention and response strategies rooted in intersectional feminist values.
• Support research initiatives that adopt an intersectional lens to study GBV. This will help us better understand its root causes and the diverse experiences of survivors.
• Advocate for developing and implementing policies explicitly designed to address the needs and rights of women of the move across the spectrum of gender, race, disability, and other intersecting identities.
• Encourage collaboration between governments, non-governmental organizations, civil society, and communities to share resources, knowledge, and strategies for combating GBV in migration through an intersectional feminist lens.

Areas to Explore Further

Technology’s Impact on Migration: Studies continue to show that technology can both help and harm people on the move. To better understand its complex effects, it’s important to continue investigating this impact using a detailed, intersectional approach.

Understanding How to Reduce and Prevent GBV: It’s crucial to explore different ways to make people on the move safer. One question to consider is whether giving money directly to them could reduce vulnerabilities.

Tools for Quick Cultural Understanding: We need new tools to help us quickly understand cultural differences. Such tools can help provide the right kind of help, services, and support tailored to people’s needs.

Quick Adaptation to Different Cultural Contexts: Since intersectionality changes depending on the situation, responders must quickly grasp these differences in every new context. This research could focus on finding methods for fast and effective adaptation.

Feminist Organizations Working in Migration

1. https://www.api-gbv.org/
2. https://www.migrationgenderjustice.com/gmi
3. https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/
4. https://womeninmigration.org/
5. https://vawnet.org/sc/immigrant-women-and-domestic-violence/organizations